日语文语断定助动词“なり”的演变优质

析日语文语断定助动词“なり”的演变及其残留现象
在现代日语学习中，有必要进行追本溯源的探讨和研究。日本国文学者小西甚一指出，语言学习应有历史视角，形成类似于x轴和y轴的图式，如此才可称之为完整的系统语言学习。对语言史知识的取得是了解和认识一门外语的全貌的最为基础性的工作。本文以较为典型的日语文语断定助动词“なり”为例，对其演变及其文语残留现象予以梳理，探求语言发展的某种趋势和规律。
　　关键词：日语文语；nari；演变；残留现象
　　中图分类号：H030 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-0100(2009)02-0062-3
　　
　　Analysis on the Evolutions and Remainder Phenomenon
　　of Assertive Auxiliary Verb “Nari” in Classical Japanese
　　 Wang Jian-min
　　(Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China)
　　Classical Japanese possesses broad and narrow senses. The broad sense refers to written language opposite to oral speech and is also called language used in articles. The narrow sense refers to the language system which abides by the grammar of Old Japanese. This language system was modeled in Waka, Monogatari and essay in the era of Heian and Kamakura. The “nari” was found in early ancient ballad, widely used in Waka, Monogatari in the period of Heian, and changed stepwise in middle ages. A part of it still remains in Modern Japanese and becomes the remainder phenomenon in written Japanese.
　　Key words：classical Japanese; “nari”; evolution; remainder phenomenon
　　
　　日语文语体系确立于平安时代，进入镰仓、室町后出现“言文分化”趋势。到江户时代，一度流行汉文体。明治至19世纪末20世纪初，基本完成了口语和书面语一体化，在日语语言发展史上称为“言文一致体”，从而也为现代日语奠定了基础。
　　文语断定助动词“なり”由格助词“に”和ラ变动词“あり”的合体“にあり”的约音而来。与口语断定助动词“だ”相对。“なり”早见于上代歌谣，流行于平安时代的和歌、物语。进入镰仓、室町时代后，受中世文语体系变化的影响，如动词已然形的变化、终止形与连体形的一体化、部分文语助动词的消失等而逐步衰退。同时出现口语分化趋势，直至进入现代日语后，完全由后兴起的口语断定助动词“だ”所取代。本文从“なり”的活用形态着手对其各形态的演变及其文语残留现象作一分析。

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